THE SHELF

Servant performs the role of a chair for the Queen

According to legend, Queen Nzinga (or Zinga, or Njinga) 1583-1663 was given her name because she was born with her umbilical cord wrapped around her neck. To the Ndongo, this was an indication she would become a wise and proud woman. Indeed she was, a strong, charismatic, and shrewd leader who would not acquiesce to the European colonists. She ruled during a period of rapid growth in the African slave trade and at a time when the Portuguese were concentrating their efforts towards South West Africa, in attempts to circumvent the British and French holdings. The presence of the Portuguese clearly threatened the independent kingdoms of the territory (which is present-day Angola). Queen Nzinga came to power in 1626 after the death of her brother. During her reign of 37 years, she remained relentless and ruthless in maintaining independence from the Portuguese. Nzinga fearlessly and cleverly fought for the freedom of her kingdom against the Portuguese using armed combat when necessary and striking up an alliance with the Dutch when it was advantageous.  She also converted to Christianity, though some believe she did so only for diplomatic leverage. She also made an unusual decree, establishing her kingdom as a safe haven for runaway slaves seeking refuge from the European colonists. It was a strategy that  gained her admiration and loyal subjects to fend off the Portuguese. Her status in African history is significant, not only as an iconic female ruler during a turbulent time in Africa, but as an inspiration to the Angolans in their quest for independence in the 20th century.

Many fascinating stories and legends are attributed to Queen Nzinga. In an often repeated tale, the Portuguese governor, Correia de Sousa, did not offer a chair for Nzinga to sit on during their negotiations, and instead, had a floor mat laid out for her to sit. The use of banal floor mat was appropriate only for subordinates and Nzinga took exception to this slight by the governor. Unwilling to accept this humiliation, she ordered one of her servants to get down on the ground on all fours so she could sit upon his back during negotiations. Through this overt act, she asserted her status as an equal to the governor, not an inferior. The scene was depicted by an eyewitness account, the Italian preist Giovanni Cavazzi, during one of his missions to Africa. Cavazzi’s drawings are considered to be amongst the first sketches of African life by a European. Some of these drawings were made into prints and published in an extensive account of Cavazzi’s travels.  In another peculiar legend, Nzinga was a woman noted for executing her lovers. With a large, all male harem at her disposal, she had the men fight one another to the death in order to spend the night with her and, after a single night of lovemaking, were, in turn, put to death.

Queen Nzinga with a crucifix and a scene depicting her holding a typical meal

The Queen’s baptism and a smoking ceremony for her dead brother

Queen Nzinga’s funeral procession

Description:

Cavazzi, Giovanni Antonio. Relation historique de l’Ethiopie occidentale :contenant la description des royaumes de Congo, Angelle, & Matamba. A Paris : Chez C.J.B. Delespine le fils, 1732.

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10658329

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Widener Library

Institution:

Harvard University

Louis Joblot (1645-1723) is often neglected in the history of microscopy. A contemporary of Leeuwenhoek, who is recognized as the first to observe and record microbes, Joblot, in his own right, was an equally innovative inventor and theorist. A professor of mathematics at the École Nationale des Beaux-Arts, Joblot explored and lectured on perspective, optics, and geometry, leading to his personal pursuit of microscopy during the period of 1680-1716. His landmark work from 1718 presented his own developments and modifications of the microscope, observations of protozoa, and his opposition to the theory of spontaneous generation. Joblot’s new microscope permitted precise focusing by eliminating stray light and enabling the mounting of a diverse array of specimens. The microbes became clearer and more visible. He would refer to the microbes he observed in terms such as “fishes” or “caterpillars”, or even provide mirthful names such as “slipper”, “gobbler”, or “bagpipes”.“

Public reaction to these microbes:

“In Paris, towards the end of the month of
June of the same year, and all the rest of the
summer, it was difficult to find vinegar in
which there were no eels. Thus many people
who had seen them with our Microscopes
stopped eating salad. I told them that the eels
were about a hundred thousand times smaller
than they appeared with these instruments;
that the heat of the stomach killed them in an
instant…”—(translated from the French)

Joblot’s florid description of the creatures visible under the microscope:

“…in an instant a dozen fishes differing
from each other and so strange to see and
observe that I do not think that the entertainment
of Comedy, of the Opera with all its magnificence,
of rope dancers, acrobats or the animal
fights that we can see in this superb City,
could be preferred to it.” —(translated from the French)

Jablot’s compound microscope design

observations of the common fly

cross-section of a hazel branch

dancing microbes

Description:

Joblot, Louis. Observations d’histoire naturelle, faites avec le microscope :sur un grand nombre d’insectes, & sur les animalcules qui se trouvent dans les liqueurs préparées, & dans celles qui ne le sont pas, &c. avec la description & les usages des différens microscopes, &c. Paris : Briasson, 1754-1755. 

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10937244

Repository:

Widener Library

Institution:

Harvard University

Sugar – the miracle drug

Pierre Pomet (1658-1699) was born in Paris on 2nd April, 1658. He traveled extensively throughout Europe, gaining experience, recipes, and plant specimens for his studies. Upon his return, he opened his own apothecary store in Paris. He quickly gained a solid reputation amongst the medical community and regularly published a drug catalog from his vast collection. In 1694, he first wrote his “Histoire Générale des Drogues”, which was soon acknowledged as the most authoritative and comprehensive book on drugs at that time. It appeared in a folio edition in 1694, but later republished in a new edition in 1735 as two quarto volumes. Pomet’s success and influence lead to his appointment as the chief druggist to Louis XIV. His book was, and still is, recognized as a breakthrough in European understandings of the new medicines and natural products being opened up via colonial expansion into the tropics. The publication was a manual not only on the substances now recognized as ‘drugs,’ but for a broad range of medicines, intoxicants, narcotics, pigments, spices, minerals, and animal products. This work is a complex combination of scientific study and mythical conjecture. Included in his work are such oddities as the use of mummies, fossils, and unicorns in cures and treatment.

Pomet on the benefits of sugar:

“The white and red sugar-candy are better for rheums, cough.-, colds-, catarrhs, asthmas, wheezings, than common sugar; because, being harder, they take longer time to melt in the mouth, and keep the throat and stomach moister than sugar does. Put into the eyes, in line powder, it takes away their dimness, and heals them, being blood-shot; it cleanses old sores, being strewed gently on them.” — Pierre Pomet–translated from the French

Pomet on the use of Opium:

 “Opium procures blessed rest by its viscous and sulphureous particles, which, being convey’d to the channels of the brain, agglutinates and slows down the animal spirits…good sleep ensues for the senses…..it composes the Hurry of the Spirit, causes Rest and Insensibility, is comforting and refreshing, in Great Watchings and strong Pains; provokes Sweat powerfully; helps most Diseases of the Breast and Lungs; as Coughs, Colds, Cattarhs, and Hoarseness; prevents or allays Spitting of Blood, vomiting and all Lasks of Bowels”

Pomet on how to choose a good mummy”

 “Choose what is of a fine shining Black, not full of Bones and Dirt, of a good Smell, and which being burnt, does not stink of Pitch”

— Pierre Pomet–translated from the French

Indigo production in the New World

The Big Three- coffee, cocoa, and vanilla

Silk production

Rolling and preparing tobacco

The annatto seed used for paint pigment and healing qualities

Mummies for medicine?

Calling the flies

Whale rendering

Unicorns–all 5 varieties?

Description:

Pomet, Pierre. Histoire generale des drogues, simples et composeés [sic] :renfermant dans les trois classes des vegetaux, des animaux & des mineraux, tout ce qui est l’objet de la physique, de la chimie, de la pharmacie, & des arts les plus utiles à la societé des hommes : ouvrage enrichi de plus de quatre cens figures en taille-douce, tirées d’après nature, avec un discours qui explique leurs differens noms, les pays d’où elles viennent, la maniere de connoître les veritables d’avec les falsifiées, & leurs proprietés : où l’on découvre l’erreur des anciens & des modernes. A Paris : Chez Etienne Ganeau & Louis-Etienne Ganeau fils …, 1735.

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10931617

Repository:

Widener Library

Institution:

Harvard University

Nathan Hayward

Dr. Nathan Hayward (1830-1866), graduate of Harvard College in 1850, was a revered and admired surgeon during the Civil War with the apt nickname of “Uncle Nathan”. Dr. Hayward was captured at the Battle of Antietam while treating the wounded Lieutenant Colonel Francis W. Palfrey. After the war, he set up practice in St. Louis, but tragically succumbed to cholera during an outbreak in 1866. Before his military and medical career, he considered himself a sketch artist. One of his works, entitled “College Scenes”, was a privately published compilation of his caricatures and sketches depicting college life at Harvard College around 1850. Within this collection of sketches are somewhat harrowing and grim depictions of the typical rituals, pranks, hazing, and rights of passage that occurred during that time. Other illustrations present a more mild-mannered and lighthearted view of student life.

The vast library collection baffles a student

Behold the class pecking order!

A little late night visit

“depths of wretchedness”

Freshman must get up early

While the seniors get to sleep in

Description:

Hayward, Nathan. College scenes. [Boston] Mass. : N. Hayward, 1850..

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10875993

Repository:

Widener Library

Institution:

Harvard University

Perhaps the earliest take on a “reality show” traces back to four famous Americans, all varying in age, personality, and perspective, who gathered each summer from 1915-1924 for a camping trip. Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, Harvey Firestone, and John Burroughs, referred to themselves as the “Four Vagabonds” and their annual gatherings received public attention and curiosity seekers who wanted to observe and hopefully meet these celebrities of the 20th Century. The genesis of these excursions began in 1914 when Ford and Burroughs made a visit to Edison in Florida, where they ended up touring the Everglades. Over time, various combinations of the foursome and other guests would visit notable wilderness areas of the United States, including the Adirondacks, the Catskills, the Green Mountains, as well as the mountains of West Virginia, Tennessee and Virginia. These trips were a big production, involving numerous passenger cars and campers (thanks to Ford) to carry not only the vagabonds, but the equipment, household comforts, and servant staff.  Each excursion would usually include a photographer who would document the trip. This unusual combination of the automotive magnate, the inventor, the industrialist, and the naturalist, all passionate and influential in American culture, made for interesting interactions and discussions. The group would engage in tree-chopping contests, hunting, racing, talking and entertaining onlookers, and some “off-road” motoring. Each would have an assigned role to play on the excursion, with Edison tending to the electricity and battery needs, Firestone ensuring the cars were well equipped and stocked with food, Ford scoping out possible camp sites, and the elder Burroughs playing the role of wildlife resource, bird caller, and hiking instructor.

Some of John Burroughs observations:

We were headed for the Great Smoky Mountains
in North Carolina. I confess that mountains and men
who do not smoke suit me better. Still I can stand
both, and started out with the hope that the great
Appalachian Range held something new and interesting
for me. Yet I knew it was a risky thing for an
octogenarian to go a-gypsying. Old blood has lost
some of its red corpuscles and does not warm up
easily over the things that moved one so deeply when
he was younger. More than that, —What did I need
of an outing? All the latter half of my life has been an
outing, and an “inning” now seems more in order.

___________________________________________

It often seemed to me that we were a luxuriously
equipped expedition going forth to seek discomfort.

___________________________________________

…at three or four in the morning I got up, replenished
the fire, and in a camp chair beside it indulged in the
“long, long thoughts” which belong to age much
more than to youth. Youth was soundly and audibly
sleeping in the tents with no thoughts at all.

___________________________________________

We were fortunate in many ways—perfect weather,
good company, good health, few delays, a world of
wonderful scenery, and only enough bad roads to enhance
our appreciation of the good ones. No serious
accidents, and only one hairbreadth escape — that was
when a car full of young people, and going at high
speed, came around a sharp turn on our side of the
road. Reckless driving like that makes one’s ire rise,
and causes him to look back after the miscreants
with set teeth and clenched fists.

___________________________________________

I was the only literary man in the party, and
was a kind of referee in such matters. But
automobile traveling shakes my wits down like
a bag of corn, and it is an effort for me to get up
an interest in literary subjects. But when Edison said
he thought the two greatest works of poetry and
fiction in his time were “Evangeline” and “Les
Miserables,” I could not agree with him. A sweet
and tender poem is “Evangeline,” certainly, but with
no elements of greatness or of creative power, and
while Hugo’s great novel certainly has power, it is
yet, from an artistic point of view, a monstrosity.

__________________________________________

The behavior of Mr. Edison on such a trip is in
marked contrast to that of Mr. Ford. Partly owing to
his much greater age, but mainly, no doubt, to his
more meditative and introspective cast of mind, he is
far less active. When we paused for mid-day lunch,
or to make camp at the end of the day, Mr. Edison
would sit in his car reading, or curl up, boy fashion,
under a tree and take a nap, while Mr. Ford would inspect
the stream, or busy himself in getting wood for the fire.
Mr. Ford is a runner and a high kicker, and frequently
challenges some member of the party to race with him.
He is also a persistent walker, and from every camp, both
morning and evening, he sallied forth for a brisk half-hour walk…
Mr. Firestone belongs to an entirely different type —
the clean, clear-headed, conscientious business type, always
on his job, always ready for whatever comes, always at
the service of those around him, a man devoted to his
family and his friends, sound in his ideas, and generous
of the wealth that has come to him as a manufacturer.

__________________________________________

John Burroughs passed away in 1921, but the annual camping trip continued.  In fact, it would grow in attention and participation with each year, including the involvement of two U.S. Presidents — Harding and Coolidge. However, by 1924, the distractions of the public eye became too much for the vagabonds and the group ended its annual camping pilgrimage.

This publication, compiled by John Burroughs, but not issued until after his death in 1921, provides an account of the camping trip through the Appalachians made by Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, Harvey Firestone, Harvey Firestone, Jr. and John Burroughs in August 1918. With mounted photographs on thick stock paper, the publication is presented as a informal family vacation album.

The PBS series The American Experience has some original film footage of the Vagabonds at a meal with their extravagant Lazy Susan set-up.

Vagabonds ready to embark

Rise and shine Mr. Edison

Burroughs and Edison engage in some plant chat

Time for a mid-day snooze

Ford and Firestone in a shearing throwdown contest

Description:

Burroughs, John. Our vacation days of 1918. [S.l. : s.n., 1921?].

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10870861

Repository:

Widener Library

Institution:

Harvard University

The Venetian physician and botanist, Prospero Alpini (1553 – 1617), spent three years in Egypt from 1580-1582 studying, recording, and hypothesizing about sexual differences in plants. His scientific research in Egypt and Eastern Europe was focused on identifying therapeutic uses of plants. Some of his observations and descriptions, including the coffee plant and the banana tree, are considered to be the first to appear in European publications. In fact, much of his research paved the way for Carl Linneaus’s landmark classification work over a century later. Upon his return to Italy, Alpini was appointed professor of botany at Padua where he also became director of the city’s famous botanical garden. Johann Vesling (1598-1649), a colleague of Alpini at the University of Padua, worked and traveled with him extensively at the end of the 17th century. Alpini and Vesling published works based on their travels to Egypt, which had still remained mostly unknown to much of Europe at the time. Together, they made significant observations, described the ancient monuments, inhabitants, flora and fauna, as well as the natural resources of Egypt. This two volume set from 1735 represents their collaboration, with much of Alpini’s original work appearing in the first part, while Vesling’s contributions occupy the second part.

monkey

snake

banana tree

chameleon

date palm

Description:

Alpini, Prosper. Prosperi Alpini … Historiæ Ægypti naturalis pars prima [-secunda] … Lugduni Batavorum : apud Gerardum Potvliet, 1735.

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10728055

Repository:

Widener Library

Institution:

Harvard University

“The Independence of Woman—is
it right or wrong ?—that is the tremulous, doddering
head of it. Is a woman the equal of a man?
May a woman engage in all that a man may ?—
those are its withered skinny legs. Is a woman
born to be free ? Has a woman a genuine or a
sham intelligence ?”— Menie Muriel Dowie

Menie Muriel Dowie (1867-1945), British novelist, essayist, feminist, and independent career woman, poses these questions at the beginning of her book, Women adventurers :the lives of Madame Velazquez, Hannah Snell, Mary Anne Talbot, and Mrs. Christian Davies. London : T.F. Unwin, 1893. Her compilation offers the fascinating and entertaining stories of four fiercely independent women who are notable for their unusual exploits while disguised as male soldiers. Granted, the tales of Velazquez, Snell, Talbot, and Davies were derived from unsubstantiated sources, second and third-hand accounts, legends, and rather dubious facts. Nonetheless, Dowie presents these women as extraordinary risk takers, not to be emulated or applauded for taking on the “masculine” role of armed combatants, but for their exceptional mental acuity, resourcefulness, resilience, and canniness to live life on their own terms.

“…I look forward to the day when no howl of
amazement, no blare of delight, will rise up
whenever a woman chances to have evinced the
bravery, the intelligence, or the foresight which
is expected of men” — Menie Muriel Dowie

Lt. Harry T. Buford a.k.a Loreta Janeta Velazquez

…and without her disguise

Hannah Snell (1723–1792) borrowed a male suit from her brother-in-law in search for the husband, who had deserted her. Even though she did not find him, she maintained her disguise, eventually joining the British Marines where she was sent to India and supposedly fought in the battle of Devicotta. Though she was wounded in the engagement, she somehow managed to keep her identity hidden. Only after some five years past did she reveal her sex to her military unit, at which point, she pleaded for a honorable discharge and pension, which was surprisingly granted by the British Crown. Afterwards, she sold her unusual story to publishers and even went on tour dressed in her uniform telling her adventures and performing songs.

James Gray a.k.a. Hannah Snell

Description:

Women adventurers :the lives of Madame Velazquez, Hannah Snell, Mary Anne Talbot, and Mrs. Christian Davies. London : T.F. Unwin, 1893.

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10738523

Repository:

Widener Library

Institution:

Harvard University

When Boston lawyer, George Thorndyke Angell, read about the extreme cruelty beset upon two horses, each beaten and raced to death, he established the Massachusetts Society of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in order to “to speak for those who cannot speak for themselves”.  His highly public outcry of this issue, along with support from some of Boston’s famous families and other local societies, led directly to the first anti-cruelty act for Massachusetts in 1869.  By the 1880s, the MSPCA partnered with Rev. Thomas Timmins to start the “Band of Mercy of America”, based on a popular animal rights movement in Great Britain during the 1870s.  The organization was focused on educating the youth of America.  If one taught animal kindness to children, the benefit would be long lasting and carry over into future generations.  As a member of the Band of Mercy, a child made the solemn pledge to “be kind to all harmless living creatures, and try to protect them from cruel usage”.  At regular meetings, the children would recite songs, tell stories, and receive lessons on how to be kind to all animal species. The popularity of the Band of Mercy membership exploded over the decade, totaling nearly 250,000 children nationwide. This publication from 1883 is an example of the literature distributed amongst membership and sold to the public in order to raise awareness and support.

The wordless understanding between human and animal

Bobby the Skye Terrier became a famous icon in Britain. Bobby was known for spending 14 years guarding the grave of his owner, a policeman named John Gray, after he died in 1858.  People’s connection with this story led to a commemorative statue of Bobby.

Mrs. Lincoln of Boston became known for the “power of kindness over the brutal instincts of men and animals”. Mrs. Lincoln, herself motherless, took on a pair of baby lions who were to be separated from their mother.  Bringing them to her home in Boston, she was devoted to their welfare, feeding, teaching and caring for them, even calling them her babies, and herself their mamma.

Description:

Timmins, Thomas. The history of the founding, aims, and growth, of the American bands of mercy. Boston : M.S.P.C.A. and Parent Band of Mercy of America, 1883.

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10471583

Repository:

Widener Library

Institution:

Harvard University

By the 19th century, teaching U.S. children about Native Americans depended mostly on centuries of built-up myths, ignorant tales, prejudicial views, and degrading portrayals. Children were typically taught how the indigenous people possessed a primitive mind, culture, and religion. Euro-Americans would either lean toward a curriculum of paternalistic racism, believing that the misguided Indians needed “White Americans” to save them from themselves, or swing in the opposite direction towards intolerant methods of removal or extermination. Either way, the youth at the time were typically given very clear parameters in which to view the native people. However, in this children’s book from 1833, the author takes an almost sympathetic view of the native population and their plight over the centuries. You could detect a modicum of appreciation for the Indian people and their culture, albeit the token affection is really a backhanded compliment.

“The predecessors of the English on the American soil were in several respects a remarkable people. Although sunk in ignorance, and destitute of all the refinements of civilization, they were far from the stupidity and imbecility of the Hottentots.”

and further elaborated….

“After their acquaintance with the English had commenced, they often exhibited as much shrewdness and sagacity as their more enlightened neighbors. In acts of heroic bravery, and in unyielding endurance, they have never been excelled. If they were more artful and treacherous than the whites, (although this may be doubted,) they had not the same principles acting upon them to restrain their mischievous propensities; while the recorded instances of their fidelity and gratitude, their kindness and humanity, are not only numerous, but in many instances exceedingly touching.”

and for the 1830s, a candid moment of lament and foreboding…

“the Indians were, and where they still exist, are, a remarkable people. They are now dwindling away. In another century, it is doubtful whether even a remnant of them will be found in the land, the whole of which they once called their own, and over which their tribes of mighty renown held dominion…”

Sporting the Summer Dress

“The upper part of his hair, you see, is out short, forming a ridge, which stands up, like the comb of a cock. The rest of his hair is shorn, or tied in a knot behind his ear. On his head, are stuck three feathers, by way of  ornament, taken from the turkey, pheasant, or hawk. From his ear hangs a fine shell, with pearl drops. At his breast, is another fine shell, polished very smooth. This, though not to be perceived, is intended to have a star,  or half moon, upon it. From his neck and wrists, hang strings of beads. His apron is made of deer’s skin, around the edges of which is a fringe. Behind his back, or on his side, hangs a quiver to contain his arrows. This was  generally made of thin bark ; but sometimes of the skull of a fox, or young wolf; and to make it look more terrible, the head hung down from the end of the quiver ; but it is not so represented in the picture. To add to the warlike appearance of the quiver, it was tied on with the tail of a panther, or a buffaloe. You perceive it hanging down between the Indian’s legs. On the shoulder of the Indian whose back is turned towards you, you see a dotted mark. This was to show to what tribe he belonged.”

The so-called barbacue

 “The principal food of the Virginia Indians was fish and flesh. These they boiled, or roasted, as they pleased. They had two ways of broiling, viz. one by laying the meat itself upon the coals—the other by laying it upon sticks raised upon forks, at some distance above the live coals. This latter method they called barbacuing”

The dance

 “The sports of the Virginia Indians consisted chiefly in dancing, singing, instrumental music, and some boisterous plays, which were performed by running and leaping upon one another…, representing a solemn festival dance of the Indians round their carved posts.”

What happened to all the fish?

“Before the arrival of the English, the Indians had fish in such abundance, that the boys and girls would take a pointed stick, and strike the smaller sort, as they swam upon the flats. In the picture, you see several who are thus engaged, with their spears.”

Description:

The child’s picture book of Indians :containing views of their costumes, ornaments, weapons, sports, habitations, war-dances, &c, to which is added a collection of Indian anecdotes, original and select. Boston : Carter, Hendee and Co., 1833.

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10188143

Repository:

Widener Library

Institution:

Harvard University

Here comes the Sun King

This rare collection of hand-colored plates, bound in two volumes, was originally published as as series of 80 pamphlet parts over the years 1834-1837.  This historic work by Ernest Jaime is considered significant for being one of the earliest publications dedicated to the history of French humor.  It was carefully researched by Jaime, the editor and engraver, who painstakingly compiled and reproduced prints of French satire and caricatures from the 14th century to the end of the Napoleonic era. The humor often takes aim at French mores and fashion, aristocrats, clergy, monarchs, revolutionary leaders, and of course, the British. The wit is often coarse and crass, with images related to spanking, flatulence, gluttony, and constipation.

King George trips over his own feet and loses his crown

A gluttonous Louis the XVI

The absurdity of fashion

Description:

Musée de la caricature, ou, Recueil des caricatures les plus remarquables publiées en France depuis le quatorzième siècle jusqu’à nos jours … calquées et gravées à l’eau forte sur les épreuves originales du temps … Paris : Delloye, 1838.

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10457412

Repository:

Widener Library

Institution:

Harvard University